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ماریا مونتسوری و مدرسه اش

The Montessori Method of Education, developed by Italian physician Maria Montessori, is a child-centered educational approach based on scientific observations of children. Montessori's method has been used for over 100 years in many parts of the world.F

The Montessori method views the child as the one who is naturally eager for knowledge and capable of initiating learning in a supportive, thoughtfully prepared learning environment. It attempts to develop children physically, socially, emotionally and cognitively.F

Although a range of practices exist under the name "Montessori", the Association Montessori Internationale (AMI) and the American Montessori Society (AMS) cite these elements as essential: F

Mixed-age classrooms: classrooms for children ages 2 1⁄2 or 3 to 6 years old are by far the most common, but 0–3, 6–9, 9–12, 12–15, and 15–18-year-old classrooms exist as well

Student choice of activity from within a prescribed range of options

Uninterrupted blocks of work time, ideally three hours

A constructivist or "discovery" model, where students learn concepts from working with materials rather than by direct instruction

Specialized educational materials developed by Montessori and her collaborators often made out of natural, aesthetic materials such as wood rather than plastic

A thoughtfully prepared environment where materials are organized by subject area, within reach of the child, and are appropriate in size

Freedom within limits

A trained Montessori teacher who follows the child and is highly experienced in observing the individual child's characteristics, tendencies, innate talents, and abilities

Montessori education is fundamentally a model of human development and an educational approach based on that model. The model has two basic principles. First, children and developing adults engage in psychological self-construction by means of interaction with their environments. Second, children, especially under the age of six, have an innate path of psychological development. Based on her observations, Montessori believed that children who are at liberty to choose and act freely within an environment prepared according to her model would act spontaneously for optimal development.F

Montessori saw universal, innate characteristics in human psychology which her son and collaborator Mario Montessori identified as "human tendencies" in 1957. There is some debate about the exact list, but the following are clearly identified:F

Abstraction

Activity

Communication

Exactness

Exploration

(Manipulation (of the environment

Order

Orientation

Repetition

Self-Perfection

("Work (also described as "purposeful activity

In the Montessori approach, these human tendencies are seen as driving behaviour in every stage of development, and education should respond to and facilitate their expression.F

Montessori education involves free activity within a "prepared environment", meaning an educational environment tailored to basic human characteristics, to the specific characteristics of children at different ages, and to the individual personalities of each child. The function of the environment is to help and allow the child to develop independence in all areas according to his or her inner psychological directives. In addition to offering access to the Montessori materials appropriate to the age of the children, the environment should exhibit the following characteristics:F

An arrangement that facilitates movement and activity

Beauty and harmony, cleanliness of environment

Construction in proportion to the child and her/his needs

Limitation of materials, so that only material that supports the child's development is included

Order

Nature in the classroom and outside of the classroom

برچسب‌ها: ماریا مونتسوری, آموزش و پرورش, معلمان جهان, ویکی پدیا

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